The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2025; 14(5):362-369 ; DOI:10.31254/phyto.2025.14510
Sequential extraction, phytochemical analysis, and enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenols from black cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) shell and seeds
Lalit D. Tattu1 , Faiyaz K. Shaikh1 , Raghavendra L.S. Hallur1
1. College of Biosciences and Technology, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Ahilyanagar- 413736, Maharashtra, India
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 6th September, 2025 / Accepted: 30th October, 2025 / Published : 30th November, 2025
Background: Black Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is traditionally used for its medicinal properties in treating respiratory, digestive, and infectious diseases. However, its bioactive polyphenols and their enzyme inhibitory activities remain underexplored. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the sequential extraction, phytochemical composition, and enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenols from the shell and seed of A. subulatum. Materials and Methods: Sequential extraction was performed using hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether, and water. The phytoconstituents were analyzed using standard qualitative tests. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Enzyme inhibition assays were conducted against alpha-amylase and trypsin, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify bioactive compounds. Results: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenols, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids in both extracts. TPC and TFC results indicated that the seed extract had higher phenolic (141.22 ± 2.52 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (1.98 ± 0.42 mg RE/g) compared to the shell. Enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated 100% inhibition of alpha-amylase by hexane, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts at a 1:3 enzyme-to-extract ratio, while aqueous extracts showed no inhibition. The dot blot assay confirmed pronounced trypsin inhibition in seed extracts obtained using hexane and chloroform. GC-MS analysis identified 80 compounds in the shell, including desogestrel (13.08%) and benzofuran (5.08%), and 67 compounds in the seed, including oleoyl chloride (10.60%) and pentadecanoic acid (10.64%). Conclusion: Sequential extraction of A. subulatum demonstrated significant alpha-amylase and trypsin inhibitory activity, especially in non-polar extracts. The bioactive compounds identified suggest the plant's potential in managing hyperglycemia and inflammatory conditions.
Amomum subulatum Roxb, Polyphenols, Enzyme inhibition, Alpha-amylase, Trypsin, GC-MS analysis
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Tattu LD, Shaikh FK, Hallur RLS. Sequential extraction, phytochemical analysis, and enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenols from black cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) shell and seeds. J Phytopharmacol 2025; 14(5):362-369. doi: 10.31254/phyto.2025.14510
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