The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2026; 15(1):94-98 DOI:10.31254/phyto.2026.15113

Research Article

Evaluation of anticancer activity of Malus domestica in DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats

Farhat Yasmin¹ , Sidhnath Prasad Yadav Deen² , Shabana Kareem³ , Tushar K. Maiti⁴ , Pintoo K. Niraj⁴ , Mohammad Ali⁵

Farhat Yasmin,Sidhnath Prasad Yadav Deen,Shabana Kareem,Tushar K. Maiti,Pintoo K. Niraj,Mohammad Ali

1. P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya- 824234, Bihar, India
2. P.G Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya- 824234, Bihar, India
3. Department of Botany, A. N. College, Patna - 800013, Bihar, India
4. Research Department, Mahavir Cancer Sansthan, Phulwarisharif, Patna- 801505, Bihar, India
5. Senior Scientist, Molecular Diagnostics & Research Lab, Research Department, Mahavir Cancer Sansthan, Phulwarisharif, Patna- 801505, Bihar, India

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 7th January, 2026 / Accepted: 25th March, 2026 / Published : 30th March, 2026

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α playing a critical role in tumor progression. Natural products, including Malus domestica (apple), are rich in polyphenols and antioxidants that have shown potential anticancer effects. Therefore, exploring plant-based interventions may provide safer and effective adjunct therapies for the management of breast cancer. The present study has been designed to evaluate the tumor regression properties of apple in a rat model with DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Objective: To evaluate the anticancer activity of M. domestica extract in DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats by assessing tumor regression, oxidative stress markers (LPO), inflammatory marker (TNF-α), hormonal levels, and histopathological changes. Materials and Methods: Female Charles Foster rats were used for the study and mammary tumors were induced by oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) (20 mg/mL) dissolved in olive oil. After tumor development, rats were treated orally with Malus domestica (apple) extract (2 mg/kg body weight) for four weeks. Tumor size was measured to assess regression. Biochemical parameters including lipid peroxidation (LPO), TNF-α, estradiol, and progesterone levels were analyzed. Histopathological examination of mammary tissue was also performed to evaluate cellular changes and therapeutic response. Results: Treatment with M. domestica extract for four weeks resulted in a marked reduction in tumor size (from 1.8 cm to 0.8 cm). A significant decrease (***p < 0.0001) in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and serum TNF-α levels (****p < 0.0001) was observed compared to the DMBA-treated group. Estradiol levels were reduced, while progesterone levels showed no significant change. Histopathological analysis revealed increased apoptosis, reduced mitotic activity, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, indicating a positive anticancer effect of the treatment. Conclusion: M. domestica extract exhibits significant anticancer activity in DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats by reducing tumor size, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. These findings suggest that apple may serve as a potential adjuvant therapy in the management of breast cancer.